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- Title
Smoking in Relation to Obesity, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance and Adipokines in Men with Type 2 Diabetes.
- Authors
Abdella, Nabila; Mojiminiyi, Olusegun; Arouj, Monera Al; Nakhi, Abdullah Ben; Mohammedi, Hisham Al
- Abstract
Obesity and smoking induce several cytokines and inflammatory markers that might contribute to insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic abnormalities that increase the coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM). Studies have tried to show a relationship between smoking, low-grade inflammation, adipokines, insulin resistance and T2DM but reports have been inconsistent. This study evaluates whether associated metabolic derangements differ between T2DM patients with different smoking habits and if the degree of obesity modifies smoking-related effects. Fasting adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin), insulin, glucose, HOMA index for IR, HbA1c, lipid profile and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) were determined in 106 male patients with T2DM in whom the waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were also measured. Patients were categorized by BMI, degree of IR and smoking status (nonsmokers (n = 47), ex- (n = 28), and current (n = 31)). WC and BMI were not significantly different between smokers, ex-smokers and nonsmokers. Independent associations with smoking include IR (HOMA > 2 in 57% of smokers), poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 8% in 77% of smokers), low HDL cholesterol (44% of smokers), microalbuminuria (62% of smokers) and CHD (42% of smokers). Smokers had significantly (p < 0.05) higher glucose (11 +/- 4 vs 10 +/- 4 mmol/L); total cholesterol (6 +/- 1 vs 5 +/- 0.9 mmol/L) and triglycerides (2.4 +/- 1.5 vs 1.5 +/- 0.9 mmol/L). The differences remained after correction for BMI. hs-CRP and all adipokines were significantly correlated with indices of obesity only and not with smoking status or number of cigarettes smoked. Leptin was the only adipokine affected by smoking - significantly lower when smokers (17 +/- 14 ng/ml) were compared with nonsmokers (32 +/- 22 ng/ml), hs-CRP was not significantly different when smokers were compared with nonsmokers. We conclude that smoking modulates leptin levels and smoking is associated with metabolic profile that increases CHD risk but the degree of obesity is the main determinant of low-grade inflammation and adipokines in male T2DM subjects.
- Publication
Diabetes, 2007, Vol 56, pA592
- ISSN
0012-1797
- Publication type
Academic Journal