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- Title
RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TEETH DISCOLORATION IN MALAKAND DISTRICT, PAKISTAN.
- Authors
Nawsherwan; Chawla, R Kaur; Arif, Muhammad; Wasila, Humaira; Khan, Abbas; Zia, Afia; Ahmad, M Nauman; Ulhaq, Ijaz; Mian, A Ahmad; Shah, R Ullah; Khan, Imran
- Abstract
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the risk factors associated with teeth discoloration in Malakand District, Pakistan. A total of 200 subjects, 50 from each of 4 villages, aged 6–60 yr, were interviewed for data collection using a questionnaire. Twenty water samples were collected from the drinking sources in each village and the fluoride levels measured using a T60 V spectrophotometer. More teeth discoloration was found in those with a middle range of family monthly income (12,000–25,000 Pakistan rupees, p<0.05). Teeth discoloration was significantly related to the mean drinking water fluoride level. The overall prevalence of teeth discoloration was 48.5% with the prevalence being highest in Barh (72%, drinking water fluoride 1.8 mg F/L) and lowest in Selaipaty (16%, drinking water fluoride 0.5 mg F/L). Among subjects with teeth discoloration, 88% had yellow teeth color, 82% had internal teeth defect, and 82% had dental fluorosis. Both the subjects with normal teeth color and discolored teeth had poor oral hygiene practices. Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with discolored teeth (p<0.05). It was recommended that the government should provide safe drinking water supply schemes, with proper maintenance, in all the high-fluoride drinking water areas to prevent the occurrence of dental and other forms of fluorosis.
- Publication
Fluoride, 2016, Vol 49, Issue 3, Part 1, p253
- ISSN
0015-4725
- Publication type
Academic Journal