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- Title
Electromagnetic and Gravitational Origin of Dark Energy in Kaluza-Klein D = 5 Spacetime.
- Authors
El Naschie, Mohamed S. Z.
- Abstract
Kaluza-Klein (K-K) theory is generally accepted as a partial unification of two of the fundamental interactions in Nature namely electromagnetism and gravity. In the present work against conventional expectation, we show using transfinite quantization (i.e., fractals) that K-K theory in conjunction with Penrose's non-commutative (fractal) space tiling leads to dual quantum relativity equations. The first is the ordinary energy equation of a quantum particle E(O) = (φ5=2)mc² where E is the energy, m is the mass, c is the speed of light and φ = 2/(√5+1). On the other hand, the second dual equation corresponding to the dark energy of the quantum wave, i.e., of the empty set is given by E(D) = (5φ²/2)mc². Finally a third equation resulting from summing up the ordinary energy of the quantum particle and the dark energy of the quantum wave namely E(O) + E(D) = (φ5 + 5φ²)(mc²/2 = 2mc²/2 = mc² is nothing else but Einstein's famous equation. Recalling that E(O) = (φ5/2)mc² ≃ mc²=22 is almost exactly equal to the value found from the WMAP and supernova cosmological measurement which was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics, we conclude that E = mc² is blind to any distinction between the ordinary energy which we can measure and the dark energy presumed so far to be \missing". It is further reasoned that ordinary energy is of opposite sign to dark energy which could be mathematically traced to the negative sign of the empty set of the quantum wave or physically to the compactified dimension which is behind negative gravity and the recently measured acceleration of cosmic expansion.
- Publication
PIERS Proceedings, 2013, p94
- ISSN
1559-9450
- Publication type
Academic Journal